Energy is the ability to do things. The more energy something has,
the further it can go or the faster it can go or the greater the
influence is that it can have. There are many different kinds of
energy. A few of them are listed below.
kinetic energy or speed energy is energy due to the speed of the
object. Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the speed
(except for speeds near the speed of light).
potential energy is energy due to place or situation. The more
you go agains a conservative force (for example, the force of
gravity), the more potential energy you get.
thermal energy is energy in the form of heat. Thermal energy is
always coupled to matter, and is equal to the kinetic energy of the
particles of matter.
chemical energy is potential energy contained within the structure
of atoms, ions, and molecules. Chemical energy is released or locked
up in chemical reactions.
nuclear energy is potential energy contained within the structure
of the nucleus of atoms. Nuclear energy is released or locked up in
nuclear reactions.
mass-energy is energy that is associated with the rest mass of
matter. Einstein discovered that mass and energy are equivalent,
according to his famous formula \(E = mc^2\).
There are three ways in which you can transport energy:
by convection, in which temperature differences make hotter
material move to colder areas and colder material to hotter areas,
which means that there is net heat (and so energy) transport from hot
to cold areas. The energy moves at the speed of the material.
by conduction, in which heat travels through a material without
making the material itself move. The energy moves at a speed that
depends on the characteristics of the material.
All three kinds of energy transport happen when you heat a pan of soup
on a fire. The hot gases from the fire go up because of convection.
The fire produces heat radiation, which you can block with your hand.
The outside bottom of the pan is heated and conduction makes the heat
reach the inside bottom of the pan, where it heats the soup. At
first, the heat travels up the soup only by conduction, but later
(when the soup is boiling) also by conduction.